#? #P[80]&#A*FAmerican^ Studies^ in^ China^ #FKVol.1#FS,^ 1994/_@#a$#P[100] #J[-100] #T3EVALUATION OF ROOSEVELT'S NEW DEAL$BY THE CHINESE_(1933-1945) #Z0This is written in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the  implementation of Roosevelt's New Deal.$#z#t #T4YANG Yusheng#t President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal became a focus of attention of Chinese media in  the 30's and 40's. It also provided an important window of  understanding how the Chinese looked at America during this period. As  far as the United States was concerned, it went through shakings and  hardships of the Great Depression, the test of Roosevelt's New Deal,  and eventually completed the transformation from disorder to order. In  the face of this unprecedented change on the other side of the  Pacific Ocean, Chinese political commentators paid a great deal of  attention to it. It was unique at the time to conduct a research on  certain aspect of the U.S. with such focus and concentration, lasting  so long and involving so many people. This phenomenon seldom occurred  afterwards. Although due to different time sequence of topics  discussed, different political stands and academic qualifications and  perspectives of the commentators there exists correctness or error and  difference in the depth of arguments, yet they were unavoidable in  approaching any important subjects. In general, people's views on the  New Deal change as time goes on, and the trend is the probe goes  deeper and deeper. $ #T4I#t In the 30's (mainly from 1933 to 1938), introduction of and comments  on the New Deal by the Chinese became common practice. Some were  comprehensive reviews while others were discussions on particular  subjects. Important acts closely related to the New Deal were quickly  translated into Chinese and published. At that time different people  had different assessments of the New Deal, of which the dominant ones  were critical rather than commendatory, some were even totally  negative. Nonetheless, there were some positive assessments full of  optimism.$ #M1Evaluation of Roosevelt's New Deal by the Chinese#m #M2American Studies in China#m When the New Deal was first implemented, Chinese intellectuals, who  had paid close attention to the situation on the other side of the  Pacific, pointed out that the American recovery program could only  play the role of "cardiac stimulant,"#+[1]_ that even if the industry was  stimulated and emerged active, "it was temporary and false," #+[2]_ and that permanent and genuine success could never be  #^gained#^.  Xu Dixin summarized the content of the recovery programs into the  following six aspects: integrating government and financial capital;  promoting the concentration of capital; smashing productive forces so  as to maintain capitalist relations of production; shortening working  hours in order to strengthen accumulation of capital; carrying out  inflation to cut down substantial income; unemployment remaining  unsolved. According to the observation of this economist, the New Deal  "did nothing" but strengthen the concentration of capital and the  exploitation of workers and it would only lead to the intensification  of class confrontation and conflicts among imperialists, "unavoidably Šresulting in" revolution and war. Therefore, Mr. Xu asserted that "the  lifetime of capitalism will be shortened because of recovery  campaign;" that "the dooms-day of the Wall Street treasure-house and  the White House throne is drawing near."#+[3]_ When that day  comes, the New Deal "will reap little harvest."#+[4]_ That "the  dream of so-called 'recovery' is like water running away;" #+[5]_ that the New Deal had few satisfactory achievements and was  "approaching the end of its days;"#+[6]_ that it would inevitably  and in fact "has already gone to the dead end"#+[7]_ were remarks  often seen in the newspapers. The famous scholar Zhang Naiqi summed  them up saying that Roosevelt's relief policy could be compared to  "cutting out a piece of one's flesh to cure a boil," that there would  be no good choice except fundamental reform of the whole system, and  that so long as capitalism existed and surplus value existed, "any  effort to treat the head when the head aches, treat the foot when the  foot hurts would turn out to be futile."#+[8]_$ Zheng Linzhuang pointed out in his article at the beginning of 1934  that when "Dr. Roosevelt" began to hang out his shingle and practice  medicine half a year ago, everybody placed high hopes on him. And even  the doctor himself was confident that the disease would be cured as  soon as the medicine was applied. However, Uncle Sam had not  recovered. The root cause lay in the fact that "the higher the  enclosing wall around the U.S. national boundary is, the tighter the  rope around its neck." Roosevelt did not take the root cause seriously  and showed no good faith in international coordination. Attending to  trifles to the neglect of essentials, he took great efforts to deal  with minor details at home. Consequently, "he ran into snags and was  foiled everywhere. He acted like a 'Taoist priest who wants to catch  the devil but ends in being lured by the devil'."#+[9]_ At the  time Ma Xingye wrote a lot of comments on the New Deal. According to  him, the New Deal was not without achievement but the prospect was far  from optimistic. He drew an analogy by saying that "the New Deal was  merely stretching the existing rice bowl and turning limited rice into  paste. ... It was welfare to those who formerly had no rice to eat  but now had porridge to drink. However, for the entire people, it  undoubtedly transformed the living standard from eating rice to  drinking porridge." In the long run, "there is the danger of the  decline" of American living standard.#+[10]_ He also quoted Mechen  as saying "the New Deal produced more and worse rascals." #+[11]_ Mr. Ma especially emphasized that the "birth control" of  cutting down cultivated land and leaving farmland uncultivated in recovery  campaign typically reflected the spirit of the New Deal, namely,  "making full use of planned economy and controlled economy, and  denying completely free competition and individual economy." #+[12]_ Liu Changan thought that Roosevelt's relief policy and  measures were sound and perfect from the viewpoint of merely  alleviating the symptoms of an illness but "had no efficacy" #+[13]_ from the point of effecting a permanent cure. In spite of  Roosevelt's great efforts, the restoration of the prosperity of  American capitalism "now became a wishful thinking."#+[14]_ There  were also sharper assertions that the New Deal "was a complete  failure"#+[15]_ and that American capitalism "would never be saved  in his hand"#+[16]_ no matter how hard Roosevelt "continued to  struggle." Ma Xiangye presented in 1935 his judgment which was highly  representative:$$ Š#P[90]#G[2]#G[-2] American industrial recovery campaign over the two years has been a  game full of contradiction and confusion. If we regard socialism as an  essential stage of economic progress that we must go through, American  blue eagle campaign is advancing half a step while going back two  steps. If we assume that maintaining the stability of capitalism is  the most urgent need at present, the U.S. efforts over the past two  years have been merely running round in circles, wasting hundreds of  millions of dollars. It's like Monkey King turning many somersaults  yet still falling on a palm of instability, panic, starvation and  unemployment.$ #G[2]#G[-2] After two years of control without achievement, experiments without  outcome and management without methods, American economy again embarks  on the road to ruin, digging the grave for capitalism.#+[17]$#P[105] $ &In contrast to the above negative judgment, there are some relatively  optimistic estimations of Roosevelt's New Deal. An article reviewing  American situation of 1934 affirmed that after the implementation of  the New Deal, full-scale reconstruction was under way and "the first  dawning light has emerged in American economic recovery." #+[18]_ Two years later, another article #^acknowledged#^ _that "the tune  of 'happiness falling again' sung by the Roosevelt Administration is  gradually realized."#+[19]_ Zhang Zhongshi holds an original idea.  In 1936, he made some remarks based on the world economic situation at  the time and emphasized:$$ #P[90]#G[2]#G[-2] It should be especially pointed out that there are many self-#^styled#^  _"leftists" who often assume that there is no possibility for the  development of capitalist economy when capitalism is on the decline,  and that it has no hope for any improvement again since the recession  is extraordinary. This sounds fairly revolutionary but is in fact a  viewpoint of mechanism.#+[20]$$#P[105] Of course, these relatively optimistic assessments were weak voices in  Chinese views on the New Deal in the 30's. The predominant comments at  the time were "decadent campaign," "dead end," "failure" and "blind  alley," all of which were negative. This phenomenon has something to  do with the following factors: firstly, many Chinese intellectuals at  the time assumed that capitalism was dying and held negative attitudes  to capitalist controlled economy; secondly, Soviet economic  construction was flourishing and made great achievements in sharp  contrast to "the miserable world" of the West which had sunk into the  swamp of the Great Depression and could not extricate itself; thirdly,  in the course of implementing the New Deal there arose some  contradictions and confusion, placing obstacles to people's thinking;  finally, in terms of methodology the New Deal was a new social  historical movement so the concurrent understanding of the movement  naturally had its limitations. Only when it becomes part of history, can  people's observation become increasingly closer to facts.$ #T4II#t Different people have different opinions about the nature of  Roosevelt's New Deal. There are roughly six viewpoints. $ The first holds that the New Deal is neither socialism nor capitalism.  In essence it is an attempt to save capitalism. Ma Xingye is a  representative of this view.$ In Ma Xingye's view, the New Deal is "neither capitalism nor Šsocialism."#+[21]_ To put it another way, it is "neither capitalist  reaction nor socialist revolution."#+[22]_ According to Mr. Ma's  analysis "the New Deal is not a kind of socialism; it is only  lifesaver of capitalism. Roosevelt has no intention of overthrowing the existing socioeconomic system in the United States. ... The New  Deal merely polishes the rusty wheel of capitalism and makes them turn  again. This is a dosage for returning capitalism from the grave  instead of a lethal drug for its death."#+[23]$ The second view holds that the New Deal is fascistization of economy  or has a tint of fascism. Zhang Naiqi and some others hold this view.  $ According to Zhang Naiqi's analysis "overproduction" and "exploitation of  labor" are two principles which cannot be abandoned under any  capitalist condition. In spite of "the siren in theory," the New Deal  is in fact "a form of fascistization of economy," weakening the power  of small and medium-sized capital as well as exploiting labor. "The  reformists expect Roosevelt to legally abolish profits and therefore  peacefully take to the road to socialism. But it turns out to be the  opposite of what they have expected."#+[24]_ Pan Chuji regards  Roosevelt as fairly "slick."#+[25]_ At the end of 1938 he commented  that the New Deal in the early phases was "fascism-oriented," but by  1935 it became democratism-oriented and its future would be "further  on the way to democratism."#+[26]$ The third view holds that the New Deal is "a kind of economic reform  policy with democratic spirit" different from communism and fascism.  Liu Anchang represents those who hold this view.$ Liu Anchang points out that one of the essential points of Roosevelt's  relief policy is "to redistribute wealth to prevent inequality,"  namely, to provide relief to the poor and increase the tax of the  rich. Although such action might seem to favor the poor and oppress  the rich, yet this was not a Communist measure. Equal distribution of  wealth was different from public ownership of property. Roosevelt's  policy of equal distribution of wealth still followed the system of  private ownership, "only to distribute private-owned wealth more  equally." Mr. Liu stresses that "not only the New Deal is not a practice  of socialism and would not affect the stability of American political  system but the equal distribution of wealth it preaches is not  absolute equality and has various degrees instead." The New Deal  frequently involved government intervention but in nature it was "not  only different from communism but also different from fascism."  Accepting private ownership is incompatible with communism while  upholding the rights of labor is different from fascism. The New Deal  is a kind of "new test," "a special economic reform policy with  democratic sport."#+[27]$ The fourth view holds that the New Deal is controlled economy between  socialism and fascism. Dong Zhixue's view is typical of this group. $ Dong Zhixue points out that two different kinds of controlled economy  prevail in the world at the time: one is fascist, the other is socialist.  The New Deal takes the middle road. "In terms of economy, the New Deal  models on Russia's 'Great Experiment'; in terms of politics, it  copies Italian dictatorship."#+[28]_ Of course, the New Deal is  completely of capitalist nature. $ The fifth view holds that the New Deal is the practice of middle-class  theory of coordination. Zhang Jinjian is the first to advocate this  view.$ ŠZhang Jinjian discovers in his study that Roosevelt's economic  philosophy is a middle-class theory of economic coordination. That is,  it opposes class struggle and advocates that in the spirit of  cooperation and mutual aid, different social classes should work  together to make their economic interests balanced and harmonized so  that national prosperity can reappear. To put it another way, half of  the effort is for the interests of the capitalists while the other  half is for the laborers. On the whole, the New Deal takes the middle  road between the left and the right, coordinating and protecting  the economic interests of capitalists, workers and consumers. It is  "entirely a middle-class theory of economic reconciliation." #+[29]$ The sixth view holds that the New Deal has a tint of socialism. $ Those who hold this view point out that Roosevelt's New Deal is "a  good way" to "achieve equal distribution of wealth through national  power," Although it is not "radical or empty socialism," it "indeed  has a tint of socialism."#+[30]$ The above-mentioned schools of views are reasonable in their own ways.  Some arguments are weak and some somewhat one-sided, but there are  some profound ones. The New Deal is definitely not socialism "even in  the broadest sense of the term"#+[31]_ either in light of historical facts of  the United States or in light of the achievements in the research of  those contemporary scholars. Likewise, the New Deal is also entirely  different from fascism of Musoulini's or Hitler's. It is indeed  capitalism but it is different from the one before the Great  Depression after having undergone the operation by "Dr. Roosevelt." In  actuality, Roosevelt's New Deal brought about profound adjustment and  partial qualitative change in capitalist productive relations, turning  the U.S. form ordinary monopoly capitalism to new state-monopoly  capitalism,#+[32]_ and having wide influence on economy, politics  and social life in the course of American historical change.$ #T4III#t In 1940 Roosevelt was elected President for the third time. This was  unprecedented in the U.S. and became a focus of world attention at the  time. Chinese scholars began to think further about the New Deal and  Luo Zhongyan's view was representative.#+[33]_ According to Mr.  Luo, "eight-years' efforts made by Roosevelt and the achievements of  the New Deal laid a solid foundation for Roosevelt to renew his term  of office three times. If we want to understand what Roosevelt has  accomplished in politics and the orientation of American internal and  external policies in the future, we should make a further study and  have better understanding of the New Deal." In terms of its content,  some of the New Deal measures benefit the laborers while some others  benefit the entrepreneurs. Some are set up especially for farmers,  some for remedial purpose and some have a reformative nature. Compared  with Hoover's "humble policy," it is ranked higher in the sense that  it is for the interests of the entire people rather than certain  sections of the population and that "it is no longer pure American  traditional practice." Roosevelt's New Deal not only "includes  sophisticated theories but also has the courage to modify the economic  system." Though there exist intricate contradictions and the  achievements are not as high as expected, yet the New Deal cannot be  devoid of any merit like what the Opposition criticisms. On the whole,  this is the victory of Roosevelt's economic policy.$ When the global anti-fascist war was drawing to an end in 1944. ŠRoosevelt succeeded in holding his Presidency for the fourth term,  which was unique in American history. In the eyes of the Chinese  people, Roosevelt was "an anti-fascist democratic fighter." His  election to Presidency for the fourth time was "a victory of American  people, a victory of the people all over the world who are  fighting against fascism, and a victory of the Chinese people." #+[34]_ An article came straight to the point with its first  sentence going that: "Roosevelt's election to Presidency for the  fourth time proves to the world a truth that 'whoever has the support  of the people can win a victory,'" This article recalled that the New  Deal was "a moderate and cautious method of reform with reconciliatory  nature." Roosevelt was the first to attempt to seek a path of relatively rational compromise  between the propertied class and the masses in a capitalist society.  Although he emerged as "a savior," "a knight" of the capitalist class,  yet he eventually took some measures to constrain those who lived on  interests in their improper deeds. In terms of American internal  policies, Roosevelt indeed gave great impetus to democratic  politics and "gradually develops political democracy into many aspects of  economic democracy and social democracy."#+[35]_ Some noticed that  the New Deal had solved to a considerable extent the serious problem  of unemployment, greatly improved people's lives, and gradually  brought production back to normal. It generally sided with light  industry and the enterprises which were free from control of monopoly,  and adopted relatively friendly and fair attitudes and policies  towards workers and farmers. Therefore, it was reasonable to believe  that Roosevelt's New Deal represented "liberal capitalism." #+[36]_ On November 9, 1944 #FKXinhua Daily#FS_ carried an editorial saying  the victory of Roosevelt "revealed that American democratism was  greatly enriched and amplified, which had new contents and fully  proved that democratism was the mainstream of world politics."  Inspired by this, some people sighed with emotion that Roosevelt's  policy was "essentially people's policy" that his victory was not  accidental but "brilliant embodiment of people's century." #+[37]$ On April 12 of 1945, President Roosevelt suddenly passed away. Chinese  progressive press, greatly shocked, mourned for him. At the same time,  they began to have new understanding of the New Deal.$ The editorial in #FKLiberation Daily#FS_ and the commentaries of  current affairs in the #FKMasses#FS_ magazine all highly praised Roosevelt,  saying that the great accomplishment of President Roosevelt was  reflected not only in his diplomatic policy but also in his way of  dealing with internal problems. Since the implementation of the New  Deal, some acts connected with social reform (such as Social Security  Act, National Labor-Capital Relation Act, Wage and Working Hours Act)  benefited the masses and workers to some extent under existing  American system. Roosevelt was "a banner of democracy"#+[38]_ in  the U.S. The editorial carried by #FKXinhua Daily#FS_ which set higher  value on him, was entitled "The Fall of A Democratic Star: Mourning  for President Roosevelt." The editorial eulogized Roosevelt "the most  outstanding and staunch leader and commander" in the global war  against fascism, saying that he  faithfully inherited the most splendid tradition of democracy in the  U.S. of Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln, that with the spirit of  serving the people and fighting for people's freedom, in time of Šunprecedented panic, he carried out the New Deal undauntedly,  implementing policies of raising people's living standard and  expanding people's purchasing power in place of imperialist-styled  policy of external economic plunder, thus helping the U.S. tide over  the Great Depression and giving people a stable life. Roosevelt was  American "democratic star." #+[39]$ Jin Zhaozi regarded Roosevelt as the "lucky star of mankind," "the most  successful prominent politician of the world through the ages,"  Roosevelt took command in the White House in the distress of the Great  Depression. Instead of running around in circles and finding no way  out he was fairly calm and handled freely and properly, implementing  New Deal measures step by step, saving one-third of the population  "from extreme misery."#+[40]_ Qiao Guanhua affirmed in his article  "A Democratic Star Fell" in remembrance of Roosevelt that although the  New Deal was not a reform of socialist nature, yet "it could not be  forgotten that for 12 years the economic security and political rights  the American working class and blacks got from President Roosevelt  were more than those from any other presidents in American history. Wasn't  it enough to prove that Roosevelt's internal policy was a highly  democratic and progressive one?"#+[41]_ Roosevelt was elected in  time of distress and led America from depression to stability and  prosperity. Just as Hua Min said, "the New Deal saved the U.S." It  limited the illegal profits of monopolized financial capital and  enterprise capital, reduced their scope of speculation and kept them  from becoming a social peril. Meanwhile, the New Deal also aided small  and medium-sized enterprises and workers and farmers, freeing them  from heavy exploitation of capitalists and landlords. The U.S. was a  capitalist country lacking economic democracy. However, the New Deal  "punctured the arrogance of economic dictators," leading the U.S. onto  the road of "constitutional economy." These policies of pacifying the  poor, making contacts with the rich, and striking blows at the  diehards  among the rich were totally different from those of Hoover,  Coolidge and Harding who were yesmen of monopoly capitalists." #+[42]_ A most essential fact is that although the New Deal was attacked  from all sides, it after all succeeded in "reconstructing American  people mentally and materially."#+[43]_ Sociologist Fei Xiaotong  who is also an expert on American problems reviewed Roosevelt and the  New Deal from the perspective of human crisis and solution of the  20th century. Mr. Fei believed that Roosevelt was a great man  standing at the turning point of the new replacing the old in the  U.S. and the world as well, that he "not only represents a new social  order in America but also is the harbinger of the birth of a new  century in human history." Roosevelt's major contribution was that he  put forward a "new middle to left line," making freedom, social  responsibility and political democracy a trinity in American society.  The New Deal prevented a radical social revolution, maintained  American capitalism and rescued the U.S. and the world from crisis:$ $#P[90]#G[2]#G[-2] We should be grateful to Roosevelt because he found a most moderate  method with least cost to solve the problems existing in modern social  order. Of cause each country has its unique tradition and problems,  and therefore offers its unique method in response to the shared task  of the era. But if mankind can have a common ideal - freedom from threat Šand want, and freedom of belief and speech - we cannot deny that no  matter what means different countries may use to accomplish the shared  task, they will reach the same end.#+[44]$$#P[105] Chen Guanze summarized the twelve-year line of the New Deal as  "humanism" and "middle to left." The initial goal of the New Deal was  to eliminate depression at home, only to improve the oldest problem:  "redistribution of happiness without overthrowing the existing  society," namely, applying the basic principles of democratism to "the  industrial world of oligarchy." So, Mr. Chen made the following  analysis:$ #P[90]#G[2]#G[-2] The New Deal reflects the accelerated development of centralization of  federal power, but we cannot say that centralization of federal power has reduced or eliminated the power of state  governments or local governments, or even that the U.S. has deviated  from democratic politics and turned to dictatorship. Some people  attacked Roosevelt as being dictator just as Jefferson, Lincoln and  Wilson were attacked in their times as dictators. This is beneath the  contempt of all. The power placed in Roosevelt's hands is greater than  that planned by the constitution-makers, and is by no means inferior  to the power used by any head of democratic nation in the world. But  we cannot say these powers have been willfully used by him, or that the  freedom of the American people is less secured than under any other  administration. Roosevelt has used the power he won to ensure his  political stand of "middle to left" in order to carry out his liberal  "New Deal." The change and expansion which befall the United States  are much more and greater than those of the previous 150 year.  However, they are advancing forward on the road of freedom and  democracy.#+[45]$ $#P[105] In addition, there are quite a few works focusing on TVA which was a  part of the New Deal and hoping that China could use it for reference  and exploit water resources including the Yangtze River for the  construction and development of China.#+[46]_ Interestingly enough,  Liu Zuochang once mentioned the direct influence of the New Deal upon  his study of American history.#+[47]_ From this piece of valuable  oral history, we can not only see the influence of the New Deal on the  life orientation of a Chinese university student, but also get a  glimpse of the true feelings of many young intellectuals at the time.$ To sum up, compared with the mainstream of thoughts focusing on  negative assessment of the New Deal in the 30's, there was a  conspicuous change in Chinese view of Roosevelt's New Deal in the  40's: relatively more comprehensive, objective and calm. Some views  are enlightening, and some are quite close to scientific  understanding. But there does exist very few wordings exceeding the  proper limits in righting a wrong. Such changes have the following  reasons: firstly, after "Dr. War" had replaced "Dr. New Deal," the New  Deal more or less completed its course of historical movement, which  made it possible for observers to have a comprehensive summary of its  success, failure, experiences and lessons, Secondly, the U.S. after  all became prosperous and stable, which was closely linked to the New  Deal by all means. This objective fact cannot but influence the  subjective understanding of the New Deal. Thirdly, in the life-and- death struggle against fascism, Roosevelt became universally  acknowledged chief leaders of world anti-fascist alliance and the U.S. Šbecame the "arsenal of democracies." The new world image of Roosevelt  and America was also an important reason for the Chinese to re- understand the New Deal. Finally, China and the U.S. allied for the  first time and became friendly nations in anti-fascist gunfire. The  shift in the relationship between the two countries undoubtedly  affected people's evaluation of the New Deal.$ $ #T4NOTES#t $##[D1J100P80] _#+[1]_Zhang Naiqi, "Review on International Silver  Agreement," #FKCurrent Affairs Monthly#FS, 3rd issue (September  1933).$ _#+[2]_Zhang Jinjian, "Economic Recovery Programs of the  United States," #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.19, Vol.30 (October  1933).$ _#+[3]_Xu Dixin, "American Recovery Campaign and Prospects  of Capitalism," #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.19, Vol.30 (October  1933).$ _#+[4]_Liu Jueming, "Roosevelt's Economic Recovery  Programs and America's Economic Control Policy," #FKCurrent Affairs  Monthly#FS, 4th issue, Vo1.9 (April 1933).$ _#+[5]_You Jun, "Review on Roosevelt's New Monetary  Policy," #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.24, Vol.30 (May 1993).$ _#+[6]_Zhang Jinjian, "American Economic Recovery Program  Approaching the End of Its Days," #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS,_ No.20,  Vol.31 (January 1934).$ _#+[7]_Xue Jia, "A General Estimation of the World  Situation of 1934," #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS, No.1, Vol.3 (January  1934).$ _#+[8]_Zhang Naiqi, "Prospects of the World Economy,"  #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS, No.1, Vol.3 (January 1934).$ _#+[9]_Zheng Linzhuang, "Where Does the United States Head  For?" #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS,_ No.1, Vol.3 (January 1934).$ _#+[10]_Ma Xingye, "Working Out Accounts for the Blue-Eagle Campaign,"  #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS, No.4, Vol.3 (April 1934).$ _#+[11]_Ma Xingye, "Review on Success and Failure of American Recovery  Campaign," #FKWorld Knowledge#FS, No.7, Vol.1 (December 1934).$ _#+[12]_Ma Xingye, "President Roosevelt's Agricultural Relief Policy,"  #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.18, Vol.31 (September 1934).$ _#+[13]_Liu Anchang, "American Struggle Against the Economic  Panic,"#FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.20, Vol.32 (October 1935).$ _#+[14]_Yao Shaohua, #FKAmerican History#FS, Zhong Hua Publishing  House, 1936, p.145.$ _#+[15]_Hu Yuzhi, "Democratic Dictatorship and Internal Affairs of the  U.S. and France," #FKWorld Knowledge#FS, No.5, Vol.1 (November  1934).$ _#+[16]_Qian Yishi, "The General Trend of World Economic Development,"  #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS, No.7, Vol.4 (July 1935).$ _#+[17]_Ma Xingye, "The Dead End of Roosevelt's NRA," #FKWorld  Knowledge#FS, No.7, Vol.2 (June 1935).$ _#+[18]_#FKCurrent Affairs Monthly#FS, 1st issue, Vol.12 (January  1935).$ _#+[19]_#FKCurrent Affairs Monthly#FS, 1st issue, Vol.16 (January  1937).$ _#+[20]_Zhang Zhongshi, "New Stages of World Economic Depression and ŠBoom," #FKXin Zhong Hua#FS, 13th issue, Vol.4 (July 1936).$ _#+[21]_Ma Xingye, "American People Taking an Aversion to Roosevelt's  New Deal," #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS, No.2, Vol.3 (February 1934).$ _#+[22]_Ma Xingye, "The Morbid State of American Economy," #FKDong  Fang Magazine#FS, No.5, Vol.31 (March 1934).$ _#+[23]_Ma Xingye, "A General Review on American New Deal," #FKXin  Zhong Hua#FS, 17th issue, Vol.4 (September 1936).$ _#+[24]_Zhang Naiqi, "A Survey of World Politics and Economy," #FKShen  Bao Monthly#FS, No.7, Vol.3 (July 1934).$ _#+[25]_Pan Chuji, "American Political Parties Amidst Turbulence,"  #FKWorld Knowledge#FS, No.20, Vol.1 (March 1935).$ _#+[26]_Pan Chuju, "Roosevelt's New Deal in Retrospect and in  Prospect," #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.19, Vol.35 (October  1938).$ _#+[27]_Liu Anchang, "American Struggle Against the Economic Panic,"  #FKDong Fang Magazine#FS, No.20, Vol.32 (October 1935).$ _#+[28]_Xue Jia, "The Paradox of American Recovery Campaign," #FKShen  Bao Monthly#FS, No.10, Vol.2 (October 1933).$ _#+[29]_Zhang Jinjian, "Roosevelt's Economic Theory and Industrial  Recovery," #FKShen Bao Monthly#FS, No.3, Vol.4 (March 1935).$ _#+[30]_Jiang Gongsheng, #FKAmerican Recovery Campaign#FS, Zhong Hua  Publishing House, 1937, p.86, 80.$ _#+[31]_Deng Shusheng, #FKAmerican History and American People#FS,  People's Publishing House, 1993, p.78.$ _#+[32]_Professor Liu Xuyi has been devoted to the study of  Roosevelt's New Deal since 1980. He discovered that it was the New  Deal that rapidly transformed American monopoly capitalism into state- monopoly capitalism on a large scale, helping the U.S. out of its  hopeless situation, therefore prolonging its life and strengthening  itself considerably. The New Deal has laid a foundation for  contemporary American social system and constituted its  characteristics. It is highly piloting and typical in the welfare  countries. Based on these, Mr. Liu put forward and proved a new  concept entitled "state-monopoly capitalism of the New Deal type." See  Liu Xuyi, "The Historical Position of Roosevelt's New Deal," #FKWorld  History#FS, 4th issue of 1983; Liu Xuyi, #FKContemporary American  Presidents and Society: A Short History of Modern American Social  Development#FS, Hubei People's Publishing House, 1987.$ _#+[33]_Luo Zhongyan, "Triumph of Roosevelt's Economic Policy: An 8- Year Review and Forecast of the New Deal," #FKCurrent Affairs  Monthly#FS, 2nd issue, Vol.24 (February 1941).$ _#+[34]_Xiang Ding, "Roosevelt's Fourth Term Presidency Enjoys the  Support of the Chinese People," #FKThe Masses#FS, 22nd issue, Vol.9  (November 31, 1944).$ _#+[35]_Lu Hong, "The Track of Democratic Politics," #FKThe  Masses#FS, 22nd issue, Vol.9 (November 31, 1944).$ _#+[36]_Zhong Han, "American Pre-Election and Post-Election," #FKThe  Masses#FS, 22nd issue, Vol.9 (November 31, 1944).$ _#+[37]_Wen Zhi, "Brilliant Embodiment of People's Century: On  American Election and Roosevelt's Victory," #FKThe Masses#FS, 22nd  issue, Vol.9 (November 31, 1944).$ _#+[38]_"Mourn Over the Death of President Roosevelt," #FKLiberation  Daily#FS, April 14, 1945; #FKThe Masses#FS, 7th £¦ 8th issues, Vol.10  (April 1945). This article is not only an editorial in #FKLiberation  Daily#FS, but also a comment on current affairs in #FKThe Masses#FS.$ Š_#+[39]_Editorial: "A Democratic Star Fell from the Sky: Mourn Over  the Death of President Roosevelt," #FKXinhua Daily#FS, April 14,  1945. $ _#+[40]_Jin Zhaozi, "Man's Lucky Star Fell from the Sky," #FKXin Zhong  Hua#FS, (resumed publication), 4th issue, Vol.3 (April 1945).$ _#+[41]_Yu Huai, "A Democratic Star Fell from the Sky", #FKXinhua  Daily#FS,  April 20, 1945. This article is included in #FKFrom Warfare to Peace: World  Polities of 1945#FS_ by Qiao Mu (Knowledge Publishing House, 1946). and  in #FKCollections of International Commentaries#FS_ by Qiao Guanhua  (Chongqing Publishing House, 1983). Yu Huai and Qiao Mu were  pseudonyms of Qiao Guanhua in the 1940's.$ _#+[42]_Hua Min, "Roosevelt: A Democratic Giant," #FKThe Masses#FS,  7th £¦ 8th issues, Vol.10 (April 30, 1945).$ _#+[43]_Gao Weifeng, "Roosevelt's World Outlook and China," #FKXin  Zhong Hua#FS_ (resumed publication), 7th issue, Vol.3 (July 1945).$ _#+[44]_Fei Xiaotong, "The Crisis of 20th Century and Roosevelt,"  #FKXin Zhong Hua#FS_ (resumed publication), 7th issue, Vol.3 (July  1945).$ _#+[45]_Cheng Guangze, "Middle to Left: Roosevelt New Deal of 12  Years," #FKXin Zhong Hua#FS_ (resumed publication), 7th issue, Vol.3  (July 1945).$ _#+[46]_As Zhang Qiyun emphasized, TVA was the first masterpiece of  Roosevelt's New Deal, a new combination of scientific technology and  personnel management, "pointing human advancement in politics and  economy." "TVA focused on river projects and hydroelectricity, thus  freeing from anxieties of flood and drought, saving the nation and  relieving the people, strengthening the army and enriching the nation.  The character of TVA was like that of the hub of a wheel: the  utilization of the land, improvement of farm production, manufacture of  fertilizer, prevention of soil erosion, afforestation of mountainous  region, grazing of pasture, exploration of mineral resources, setting- up of parks, protection of animals and birds, control of disease,  organization of co-ops, advocacy of social security and welfare,  coordination and balance of agriculture and industry, planning and  implementation of public utilities are all centered on TVA which  radiates in all directions." TVA embodies the spirit of joint efforts  between the democratist government and the masses of the  people. "Capitalism and socialism have their own advantages and  disadvantages. If we want to avoid monopoly of a few financial tycoons  of capitalism as well as socialist dictatorship and omnipotent  bureaucracy, TVA system is a fresh and new choice, showing the bright  future of democratic politics." In addition, "it can be used for our  reference," that is, "if the hydropower of Three Gorges on the  Yangtze River, with the aid of American technology and enlightenment  of TVA system, is put into operation and becomes a beacon of New  China, President Roosevelt's love will forever stays in the East,  though he is no longer living and we Chinese people would burn incense  and pray to God for him." See Zhang Qiyun, "Inherited Love of  President Roosevelt: An Introduction to TVA System," Ta Gong Pao  (Chongqing), May 25, 1945. Wan Wenxuan also valued TVA system and  its reference for China. As far as Mr. Wan is concerned, TVA was a  typical system of promoting what is beneficial and abolishing what is  harmful as well as comprehensively utilizing water resources, turning  Tennessee River Basin from a hell to a paradise. "River is the cradle Šof civilization and water is the nurse of civilization." "If our  nation wants to have a foothold in the world, it has to make a  comprehensive use of its big rivers and make unified explorations of  natural resources." This is of vital importance to the consolidation  and prosperity of our nation. TVA may at least give us the following  revelations: firstly, there are many ways to make use of the rivers,  which should be utilized comprehensively. And the natural resources  like land, forests, minerals and rivers should be explored under  unified plans. Secondly, the rivers are the central part of all  natural resources, the exploration of which should be done with river  as a unit. Thirdly, hydroelectric power is the motive force of all  economic development and should enjoy priority in construction.  Fourthly, TVA is not only a technological organization in charge of  the construction of the projects, but also an administrative body for  the welfare of the people. It does not have habitual practice of  bureaucracy in governmental institutions, but has the advantage of  flexibility of private enterprises. Fifthly, TVA is particularly fit  for the exploitation of backward areas with rivers. See Wan Wenxuan,  "Water Utilization and the Economic Construction of Our Nation"  (Second Half), #FKXin Zhong Hua#FS_ (resumed publication), 14th issue, Vol.4  (July 1946).$ _#+[47]_As Professor Liu Zuochang recalled, when he graduated from  college in 1945, it was "the last phase of the Second World War and  American President Roosevelt became a world-famous man of the hour. In  my eyes, he was the symbol of fighting against fascism and for human  freedom, thus winning my great respect. Meanwhile, his domestic  policy, the New Deal in particular, also aroused my fond feelings  towards him. At that time, I didn't have a correct understanding of  Communism, naively believing that the New Deal was a panacea to help  solve the political and economic problems of different countries, and  provided human beings with the best solution when they hesitated at  the crossroads. Governed by these thoughts, I decided to choose the  topic entitled 'Roosevelt's New Deal' for graduation thesis. This was  the beginning of my study of American history." See Liu Zuochang.  "How I Studied American History," #FKCulture, History and  Philosophy#FS, 2nd  issue of 1986.$#E